Mbo In Russia :: essays research papers fc

IntroductionThe emphasis (of MBO) is on trying to predict and influence the future rather than on responding and reacting by the seat of the pants. It is to a fault a results-oriented philosophy of management, one of which emphasizes accomplishments and results. The focus is generally on change and on improving both individual and organizational effectiveness. A successful murder of MBO in any country requires a narrow examination of such elements as customs and traditions of that country, which give support to the application of MBO.HistoryThese elemets are higly influenced by the level. Starting from the early centuries, Russian people got accustomed to live under the central rule when the tsar was the only decision-making body in the country. The communication amongst the rulers and ruled was flowing only one-way. The landlords, owning the farmers, curry quotes to farmers without thinking whether they would be able to achieve them. later onwards, when the bolshewiks came to r ule instead of the monarchy, the same thing happened. Working for a nominate enterprise, the employees didnt have a chance to set objectives for their work they performed. The central planning department set quotes, by which all the organizations had to obey even if those planks were set too high to ambit. Workers were responsible for reaching organizational goals no matter for at what costs, but on the other side the means by which they had to reach the organizational goals were predetermined by the central planning department.So, we can see that the word central, which disables MBO, was quite common and used heavily thrughout the whole history of Russia. Nevertheless, I would say, there were some elements of MBO such as rewarding the employees when they exceeded the quotes set by the central department. Reward was very seldom material. Usually, you would have received a red flag for an excellent work, and your photo would have been printed in the organizations newspaper. In addi tion to the rewards, people were working for a common persona to reach the communism. And each piece they had produced contributed to this goal. Anyway, this system of rewards worked it was a good source of motivation although it was resting solely in the willigness of the employees to contribute to the process. Factors that influence management in RussiaAfter we had examined the historical factors that influence the application of MBO, lets come down to determine factors that influence overall management in Russia now.

Essay --

Ernst & Young was the examineing firm of HealthSouth from 1984 to 2002. Due to financial hardship Healthshore grew desperate and developed a purpose to deceive not only shareholders but Ernst and Young. Inevitably whistleblowers came forth and a lawsuit ensued. The shareholders lawsuit against Ernst and Young never went to trial. However, the lawsuit against Healthshore cease in settlement. Though a travesty to the shareholders and employees not involved with the fraud, this fraudulent activity was necessary for it forced the SEC to hinder these types of events to occur in the future. on that point may still be cases similar to HealthShore going on today had it not been for the Sarbanes Oxley act enforcing stricter requirements for auditing firms. 1.)Ordinary thoughtlessness is defined as the absence of logical care that can be expect of a person in a set of circumstances. For an auditor, it is what another component auditor would have done disposed(p) the same scenario. Gross negligence is a step further than ordinary negligence and is that is absence of even slight care that can be expected of an independent, competent auditor. Some states do not distinguish the difference between both of these term but the main difference is ordinary negligence is an accidently mistake and the gross negligence is a mistake caused by a reckless act or decision. Constructive negligence is a more extreme negligence than gross negligence. This negligence is unusual but was committed without intend to deceive or harm. Negligence of this magnitude occurs when an inadequate audit was done but an impression was issued anyway. For instance, if HealthSouth employees kept a factious account that was above the auditors materiality threshold but did not test this account... ...ds being committed so they were not a prudent person in performing due diligence in their audit.3c. The auditors did their due diligence in that they questioned internal controls and found them to be acce ptable if it were not for the deliberate collusion among management they would have been able to detect the fraud and therefor i would not be able to take chances them negligent in there assertion of the effectiveness of internal controls.4. A disclaimer of opinion should be issued if the scope of the audit is limited because of management preventive uness the evaluation during preplanning established that the section of the business being hindered was immaterial in respect to the overall fair presentation of the financial statements in that case if the audit was performed in accordance ewith GAAS the auaidotr should not be considered negligent if a fraud had occurred.

Creative Story: Grandpa :: essays research papers

Creative Story Grandpa     We were going to Las Vegas for vacation. I was tone foward to havinga lot of fun there. When we finally got to Las Vegas,it felt like an oven jackedup all the way. When we got to the room it felt like when you open arefrigerator. Then we went to break all the major attractions, like CesarsPalace, this was one of my favorites because when you go inside the roof lookslike the sky inside of a building. I also took some pictures in front of thehotel near the water fountain. The MGM Grand was my second favorite becausewhen you go inside it this thing were you go in and walk around and see the wager Wizard of Oz. I also liked thePyramid because outside the is this image ofa persons face that appears on the splashing water. That image was all donewith Lazers. Las Vegas is a courteous place to see a lot of cool hotels and sites.Then it was regular better because it was at night and all the hotels were lit up.It looked like it was Christmas everyday there. both single hotel was lit upof all different pictures. We had fun seeing that except it was time to go back tothe hotel room.     When we got back the front desk informed us that somebody had calledfrom San Fransisco. We all had an idea of what it was about. My mom and grandmawere both sobbing. They were crying in way that didnt show. My dad and I feltvery sad even though we didnt know my grandpa very well. Before we had gone toLas Vegas we sat down with my aunt and my mom state " if anything happened to mygrandpa to call us at the hotel room." When we larnd that they had called wewere all sweating as if it was raining right above us. When we called back itseemed like an eternity. My mom called, you could hear every button that shepunched in. We also could hear the ringing from the call. Finally, my auntpicked up and started talking to my mom about how they called from Lima, Perusaying that my grandpa was waiting to die until they got t here. So that samenight we called Hertz and said that we had to get back to San Fransico and wewere going to leave the car tomorrow. There was a big fit because my dad hadalready paid for three days but we only used it one day.

The Minister’s Black Veil :: Literary Analysis, Hawthorne

In the short story, The curates Black Veil, Nathaniel Hawthorne tells the Mr. Hoopers low shroud and the lyric that can describe between him and the enshroud. Hawthorne demonstrates how a cutting veil can describe as many words. Through the story, Hawthorne introduces the reader to Mr. Hooper, a rector in Milford meeting-house and a gentlemanly person, who erupts a black veil. Therefore, Mr. Hooper rejects from his finance and his people, because they ask him to move the veil, but he does non want to do it. In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Ministers Black Veil, Mr. Hoopers black veil symbolizes blunder outs, night, and secrecy in order to determine sins that he cannot tell to anyone, duskiness or so his vista and neighbors, and secrecy about the black veil. From the beginning of the story, Mr. Hooper comes out palling a black veil, which represents sins that he cannot tell to anyone. Swathed about his forehead, and hanging start everyplace his face, Mr. Hooper has on a bl ack veil. Elizabeth urged, Beloved and respected as you are, there may be whispers that you hid your face under the consciousness of secret sin (Hawthorne 269). His fianc says that in the black veil there may be has a consciousness of secret sin. Also, he is a parson in Milford meeting-house and a gentlemanly person, so without the veil, Hooper would be a just natural minister of religion, blameable of the typical sins of every human, but holier than most (Boone par.7). He would be a typical minister who is guilty of the typical sins of every human without the black veil. Also, Boone said, If he confesses his sin, the community can occur (Boone par.16). If he confesses his sin about the black veil, all of the neighbors leave alone shun him. Last, he said, so, the veil is a saying it is constantly signifying, constantly speaking to the people of the possibility of Hoopers sin (Boone par.11). Mr. Hoopers veil says that he is seek to not tell the sins about the black veil. In con clusion, every people have sins that cannot tell to anyone like Mr. Hooper. Next, the ministers black veil symbolizes darkness about his face and neighbors. His frame shuddered his lips grew white, and rushed forth into the darkness. He said, Know, then, this veil is a type and a symbol, and I am jounce to wear it ever, twain in light and darkness, in solitude and before the gaze of multitudes, and as with strangers, so with my familiar friends In this light and darkness black veil, he is bound to wear it ever.The Ministers Black Veil Literary Analysis, HawthorneIn the short story, The Ministers Black Veil, Nathaniel Hawthorne tells the Mr. Hoopers black veil and the words that can describe between him and the veil. Hawthorne demonstrates how a black veil can describe as many words. Through the story, Hawthorne introduces the reader to Mr. Hooper, a parson in Milford meeting-house and a gentlemanly person, who wears a black veil. Therefore, Mr. Hooper rejects from his finance and his people, because they ask him to move the veil, but he does not want to do it. In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Ministers Black Veil, Mr. Hoopers black veil symbolizes sins, darkness, and secrecy in order to determine sins that he cannot tell to anyone, darkness around his face and neighbors, and secrecy about the black veil. From the beginning of the story, Mr. Hooper comes out wearing a black veil, which represents sins that he cannot tell to anyone. Swathed about his forehead, and hanging down over his face, Mr. Hooper has on a black veil. Elizabeth urged, Beloved and respected as you are, there may be whispers that you hid your face under the consciousness of secret sin (Hawthorne 269). His fianc says that in the black veil there may be has a consciousness of secret sin. Also, he is a parson in Milford meeting-house and a gentlemanly person, so without the veil, Hooper would be a just typical minister, guilty of the typical sins of every human, but holier than most (Boone par. 7). He would be a typical minister who is guilty of the typical sins of every human without the black veil. Also, Boone said, If he confesses his sin, the community can occur (Boone par.16). If he confesses his sin about the black veil, all of the neighbors will hate him. Last, he said, so, the veil is a saying it is constantly signifying, constantly speaking to the people of the possibility of Hoopers sin (Boone par.11). Mr. Hoopers veil says that he is trying to not tell the sins about the black veil. In conclusion, every people have sins that cannot tell to anyone like Mr. Hooper. Next, the ministers black veil symbolizes darkness around his face and neighbors. His frame shuddered his lips grew white, and rushed forth into the darkness. He said, Know, then, this veil is a type and a symbol, and I am bound to wear it ever, both in light and darkness, in solitude and before the gaze of multitudes, and as with strangers, so with my familiar friends In this light and darkness black v eil, he is bound to wear it ever.The Ministers Black Veil Literary Analysis, HawthorneIn the short story, The Ministers Black Veil, Nathaniel Hawthorne tells the Mr. Hoopers black veil and the words that can describe between him and the veil. Hawthorne demonstrates how a black veil can describe as many words. Through the story, Hawthorne introduces the reader to Mr. Hooper, a parson in Milford meeting-house and a gentlemanly person, who wears a black veil. Therefore, Mr. Hooper rejects from his finance and his people, because they ask him to move the veil, but he does not want to do it. In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Ministers Black Veil, Mr. Hoopers black veil symbolizes sins, darkness, and secrecy in order to determine sins that he cannot tell to anyone, darkness around his face and neighbors, and secrecy about the black veil. From the beginning of the story, Mr. Hooper comes out wearing a black veil, which represents sins that he cannot tell to anyone. Swathed about his forehead, and hanging down over his face, Mr. Hooper has on a black veil. Elizabeth urged, Beloved and respected as you are, there may be whispers that you hid your face under the consciousness of secret sin (Hawthorne 269). His fianc says that in the black veil there may be has a consciousness of secret sin. Also, he is a parson in Milford meeting-house and a gentlemanly person, so without the veil, Hooper would be a just typical minister, guilty of the typical sins of every human, but holier than most (Boone par.7). He would be a typical minister who is guilty of the typical sins of every human without the black veil. Also, Boone said, If he confesses his sin, the community can occur (Boone par.16). If he confesses his sin about the black veil, all of the neighbors will hate him. Last, he said, so, the veil is a saying it is constantly signifying, constantly speaking to the people of the possibility of Hoopers sin (Boone par.11). Mr. Hoopers veil says that he is trying to not tell the sins about the black veil. In conclusion, every people have sins that cannot tell to anyone like Mr. Hooper. Next, the ministers black veil symbolizes darkness around his face and neighbors. His frame shuddered his lips grew white, and rushed forth into the darkness. He said, Know, then, this veil is a type and a symbol, and I am bound to wear it ever, both in light and darkness, in solitude and before the gaze of multitudes, and as with strangers, so with my familiar friends In this light and darkness black veil, he is bound to wear it ever.

Jewish Reactions to the Holocaust: A Learned Behavior Essay -- Essays

Jewish Reactions to the final solution A Learned BehaviorWhen thinking of Jewish persecution, images of Nazi Germany, concentration camps, and the Holocaust are most likely to be conjured. Although these images do represent the fireed destruction of the Jews, persecution actually began thousands of years earlier. The Holocaust, or Final Solution, which was the destruction of European Jews by the Nazis, was the culmination of attempts by other groups to eradicate Jews from their society.1 Reacting in many different ways to persecution, the Jewish sect has undergone years of harsh treatment, climaxing during the Holocaust. Jewish persecution did not let in Europe with the onset of World War II rather, anti-Semitism had existed for the past several thousand years. The rise and eventual domination of Christianity resulted in the persecution of the Jews outset in fourth-century Rome and lasting through the Middle Ages, when huge numbers of Jews were massacred during Christian crusades.2 Also, during the Middle Ages, the Christian Church attempted to convert Jews to Christianity. This policy was govern into affect in order to ensure that Christians were protected from the harmful consequences of intercourse with Jews by rigid laws against intermarriage, by prohibitions of discussions about religious issues, by laws against domicile in common abodesby burning the Talmud and by barring Jews from public office.3 The second anti-Jewish policy in history is known as expulsion, or the attempt by European countries to force the emigration of Jews during the thirteenth through sixteenth centuries. Jews were no longer being required to convert to Christianity because Christians then thought that Jews could not be changed, ... ... 13. Dawidowicz, 342-43. 14. Hilberg, 16. 15. Hilberg, 17. 16. Hilberg, 664. 17. Hilberg, 665. 18. Hilberg, 666-67. 19. Dawidowicz, 344. 20. Dawidowicz, 347. 21. Hilberg, 3-4. Bibliography- Anti-Semitism Enc arta Concise Encyclopedia. httpencarta.msn.com/index/conciseindex/5b105b6f000.htm (26 October 1998). - Dawidowicz, Lucy S. The War Against The Jews 1933-1945. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975. - Haines, Grove C. and Ross J. S. Hoffman, The Origins and Background of the Second World War. New York Oxford University Press, 1943. - Hilberg, Raul. The Destruction of the European Jews. New York harpist and Row, Publishers, 1961. - Rubenstein, Richard L. and John K. Roth. Approaches to Auschwitz. Atlanta John Knox Press, 1987.

Family Created Essay -- essays research papers

The Family CreatedThe dream of a getting married, starting a family , a house with a white picket fence, two kids and a dog eludes a huge number of couples in America and abroad. The perfect picture of a family is usually made complete with the addition of children. There are now more options to create a family than the traditional natural conception. The advances in technology realise opened up the option of help reproduction such as artificial insemination, invitro fertilization, donor egg or sperm, and assisted hatching. Another option for family proveation is adoption. Each option has advantages and drawbacks. With either option there are emotional, financial, and moral issues associated with these options. Finding a perfect fit for the fertility impaired couple, each option, assisted reproduction, or adoption, must be reviewed and weighed for the emotional, moral, and financial aspects, to see whether the end seriousifies the means. It is important to explain the emotional issues associated with infertility. A couple who has tried for many months to conceive a child and find that there are physical issues that are causing this continued problem, are emotionally mortified. The shock causes feelings of loss and failure that at change the very core of a person, delivers a terrible blow to their self esteem and self value. Once the shock has passed and decisions need to be made about the option of assisted reproduction or adoption, a whole new slew of emotions arise. In assisted reproduction the initial testing and prodding and jibe into the couples lives and sexual history causes a huge amount stress and emotional strain. There are skeletons in the closet for most people that are exposed, in an attempt to find a cause for the infertility. The secrets exposed very possibly can lead to a breakdown of the trust respect and bonds for a couple, discussions thence become loaded and judgmental. Once the testing is over and the relationship is back on a bot h(prenominal)what even keel, the treatment plan comes along. The person who is found to have the main infertility problem suffers additional emotional trauma besides being the cause of the problem they are now being wield with either pills or shots of hormones. These hormones cause such a change in that persons chemistry their emotions are swinging from moment to moment. The time comes near for the plan to ... ...range of $3000.00, just to find the root of the fertility problem. The range of costs for the medications associated with the procedures can be anywhere from $10,000 to $18,000 for one cycle. Many couples do not have insurance policies that allow for cover the costs, because it is generally deemed as elective. For adoption the costs can be free if state adoption is a consideration. The children that are wards of the court have been victims of some sort of abuse. Infants usually have been abandoned or are drug addicted. The time involved in seeking termination of parental rights is a careworn out process. The other options for adoption would be either private domestic adoption or foreign adoption. The costs for either are in the ranges of $8,000 to $25,000. In review, both assisted reproduction and adoption come at extremely high costs, emotionally, morally and financially. The decision in choosing one or none enumerate heavily on the situation and desperation of the people who are trying to create a family. The considerations are great and the outcome is dependant on many outside individuals. The question still remains which end justifies the means for the perfect family.

Family Created Essay -- essays research papers

The Family CreatedThe dream of a getting married, starting a family , a house with a white picket fence, two kids and a dog eludes a huge number of couples in America and abroad. The perfect picture of a family is usually made complete with the addition of children. There are now more options to create a family than the traditional natural conception. The advances in technology retain opened up the option of support reproduction such as artificial insemination, invitro fertilization, donor egg or sperm, and assisted hatching. Another option for family knowledgeableness is adoption. Each option has advantages and drawbacks. With either option there are emotional, financial, and moral issues associated with these options. Finding a perfect fit for the fertility impaired couple, each option, assisted reproduction, or adoption, must be reviewed and weighed for the emotional, moral, and financial aspects, to see whether the end providedifies the means. It is important to explain the emotional issues associated with infertility. A couple who has tried for more months to conceive a child and find that there are physical issues that are causing this continued problem, are emotionally mortified. The shock causes feelings of loss and failure that at tinct the very core of a person, delivers a terrible blow to their self esteem and self value. Once the shock has passed and decisions need to be made nigh the option of assisted reproduction or adoption, a whole new slew of emotions arise. In assisted reproduction the initial testing and prodding and take away into the couples lives and sexual history causes a huge amount stress and emotional strain. There are skeletons in the closet for most people that are exposed, in an attempt to find a cause for the infertility. The secrets exposed very possibly can lead to a breakdown of the trust respect and bonds for a couple, discussions then(prenominal) become loaded and judgmental. Once the testing is over and the relati onship is back on a any(prenominal)what even keel, the treatment plan comes along. The person who is put together to have the main infertility problem suffers additional emotional trauma besides being the cause of the problem they are now being wield with either pills or shots of hormones. These hormones cause such a change in that persons chemistry their emotions are swinging from moment to moment. The time comes near for the plan to ... ...range of $3000.00, just to find the root of the fertility problem. The range of costs for the medications associated with the procedures can be anywhere from $10,000 to $18,000 for one cycle. Many couples do not have insurance policies that testament cover the costs, because it is generally deemed as elective. For adoption the costs can be free if state adoption is a consideration. The children that are wards of the court have been victims of some sort of abuse. Infants usually have been abandoned or are drug addicted. The time involved in seeking termination of parental rights is a skeletal out process. The other options for adoption would be either private domestic adoption or foreign adoption. The costs for either are in the ranges of $8,000 to $25,000. In review, both assisted reproduction and adoption come at extremely high costs, emotionally, morally and financially. The decision in choosing one or none reckon heavily on the situation and desperation of the people who are trying to create a family. The considerations are great and the outcome is dependant on many outside individuals. The question still remains which end justifies the means for the perfect family.

Advanced Physical And Intellectual Competence

I recognize the advancing children physical and talented competence by creating learning experiences that stimulates physical, cognitive, communicative and creative growth. To maturate physical and smart competence it is essential to the growth and development of every child to advance their physical and intellectual needs. There are numerous ways to encourage this face of development. Children are encouraged to p guileicipate in daily large ram activities to enhance physical development. One activity that they enjoy is terpsichore children naturally make out music and theres nothing better to get their flyspeck bodies moving and shaking.One easiest ways to incorporate physically activity into both you lives is pick a few random songs at intervals passim the day and just dance like crazy. Even just two or three song pronto add up a 10 minutes session, which is just objurgate for your preschool aged childrens attention span. If youre looking for more ways to seek dance whic h your preschool aged children, think back to silly songs and nursery rhymes of your testify childhood and share those. I help children develop cognitive skills by back up them to hypothesize and think things out.For example the main aspects for cognitive growth toilette be fostered with daily activities such as stacking, sorting, observing and learning ca workout and effect. attack up with cognitive activities is very easy. You can sort blocks, arranging them by size and color. You can stack object books are great for this, you can withdraw a treasure hunt too For this all you need is a short and easy set of objects and a magnifying glass. I allow exploration to your childrens cognitive development. In my center I help children learn, understand, and use voice communication to communicate. One lesson that is especially effective in developing communication skill is music.Music is a great way to encourage language development. You can find a sort of preschool age songs online can help you in this area. You can also use I spy, and question and answer games. Anything that involves word development is good activities since children get along to ask you questions. A strength of this lesson is that it incorporate children who are English as uphold language learners and need a good mix of repetition and newborn material. By incorporating songs, asking daily short conversation, quick simple things repeated daily and practice basic vocabulary every day, children will understand the lessons.Creativity is fostered throughout our classroom. Children have access to, an area and are encouraged to use various art supplies to create their own artwork. Paint, markers, pencils, crayons, oil pastels, and paper are readily unattached for children to freely explore. An activity I love to do where children use their imagination is intention butterflies. They combine different bodies and wings to design their own butterflies then lively them in one of several beautiful scenes. Another example is drawing a mural. They explore line, shape, and space while arranging decorative tiles into an abstract picture.Advanced physical and intellectual competenceI recognize the advancing children physical and intellectual competence by creating learning experiences that stimulates physical, cognitive, communicative and creative growth. To advance physical and intellectual competence it is essential to the growth and development of every child to advance their physical and intellectual needs. There are numerous ways to encourage this type of development. Children are encouraged to participate in daily large motor activities to enhance physical development. One activity that they enjoy is dance children naturally love music and theres nothing better to get their little bodies moving and shaking.One easiest ways to incorporate physically activity into both you lives is pick a few random songs at intervals throughout the day and just dance like crazy. Even just tw o or three song quickly add up a 10 minutes session, which is just right for your preschool aged childrens attention span. If youre looking for more ways to explore dance which your preschool aged children, think back to silly songs and nursery rhymes of your own childhood and share those. I help children develop cognitive skills by encouraging them to hypothesize and think things out.For example the main aspects for cognitive growth can be fostered with daily activities such as stacking, sorting, observing and learning cause and effect. Coming up with cognitive activities is very easy. You can sort blocks, arranging them by size and color. You can stack object books are great for this, you can have a treasure hunt too For this all you need is a short and easy set of objects and a magnifying glass. I allow exploration to your childrens cognitive development. In my center I help children learn, understand, and use words to communicate. One lesson that is especially effective in deve loping communication skill is music.Music is a great way to encourage language development. You can find a sort of preschool age songs online can help you in this area. You can also use I spy, and question and answer games. Anything that involves word development is good activities since children love to ask you questions. A strength of this lesson is that it incorporate children who are English as second language learners and need a good mix of repetition and new material. By incorporating songs, asking daily short conversation, quick simple things repeated daily and practice basic vocabulary every day, children will understand the lessons.Creativity is fostered throughout our classroom. Children have access to, an area and are encouraged to use various art supplies to create their own artwork. Paint, markers, pencils, crayons, oil pastels, and paper are readily available for children to freely explore. An activity I love to do where children use their imagination is designing butt erflies. They combine different bodies and wings to design their own butterflies then animate them in one of several beautiful scenes. Another example is drawing a mural. They explore line, shape, and space while arranging decorative tiles into an abstract picture.

Connective Tissue

connectedness Tissue Characteristics of connective tissues Extra jail cellular matrix separates cells Most widely variable of tissues Many varied functions Common (mesenchyme) origin Degrees of vascularity Functions Binding Suport certificate Insulation Transport Structural Elements Fibers ?Collagen (white) fibres ?Elastin (yellow) fibers ?Reticular fibers Ground substance ?Amorphous material fills space between cells and contains fibers ?Holds fluids ?Acts as molecular sieve ?Consists of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins gingiva, proteoglycans Cells Each class of connective tissue has a fundamental cell type that exists in an im develop and mature form ?unvarying cell gets suffix blast i. e chronoblast, they argon actively mitotic, secrete fibers and ground subtance ?Once the cells synthesise the matrix they assume their less active mature mode indicated by suffix cyte i. e. lymphocyte Summary Fibers Ground Substance Cells Collagen Interstitial fluid Immature form blast E lastin Cell adhesion proteins glue Mature form cyte Reticular Proteoglycans Types of connective tissue All consist of cells surrounded by matrix Differences reflect cell type, finer type and the ratio of matrix contributed by fivers These differences determine connective tissue classes and their subgroups ?General (fibrous) connective tissue proper ?Specialised Connective tissues (skeletal bone and cartilage, adipose, lymphoid, blood) Cells found in Prototype Connective Tissue FIbroblasts Adipocytes (fat cells) Cells which migrate from blood ?WBC ?Other cells concerned with tissue response to injury Connective Tissue Proper Two subgroups classification generally pursed on finer arrangement and density Loose CT Areolar ?Reticular great(p) CT ?Dense regular ?Dense insurrectionist Connective Tissue Proper Sub groups Characteristics/Structural elements Loose Areolar Semi fluid Gelatinous ground substance Collagen, elastin, reticular loosely distributed Fibroblasts and macrophages are abundant Occasional adipocytes (fat cells) Widely distributed packing material of body Loose Reticular Matrix contains reticular fibers Reticular fibers form network of reticular cells (fibroblasts) Dense Regular near packed collagen fibers orientated in same direction Mainly fibroblasts Poorly vascularised (no blood vessels)White, flexible tissue with great tensile potency in one direction Wavy fivers allow minimal give until fibbers are straightened Elastic CT has high elastic content i. e. ligaments and tendons Dense Irregular Closely packed collagen fibers orientated in same direction Mainly fibroblasts Poorly vascularised (no blood vessels) Collagen bundles are orientated in MANY directions Forms sheets where tension is exerted in from legion(predicate) directions i. e. dermis of skin, fibrous joint capsules, fibrous capsules of many organs (kidneys, testis, bone, muscles) Blood Classified as a connective tissue Cells in matrix (plasma) Fibers are soluble proteins whic h only become visible during clotting Functions ?Transport of nutrients (glucose, oxygen) ?Transport of wastes (CO2) ?Transport of gases (oxygen, CO2) ?Hormones Cartilage Somewhere between dense CT and bone yobbo but flexible Cartilage cells chondro prefix Ground substance has firmly bound collagen fivers Contains lots of tissue fluid (80% water) No blood vessels or brace (good for joints) Perichondrium (dense irreg. CT) surrounds most cartilage Growth both interstitial and appositional Types ?Hya take up ?Elastic ?Fibrocartilage Bone Bone can refer to Osseous tissue (type of CT) variety meat of the body i. e. humerus (consisting of several tissue types) Bone as a tissue Bone is connective tissue (osseous tissue) Cells contained in a matrix Matrix is situated by deposition of calcium salts and other minerals = calcification (mineralisation) Functions of bony skeleton Support Protection Rigid attachment Levers for muscles Blood formation Electrolyte balance Acid base balance Deto xification General features of long bone Compact bone Spongy bone Medullary cavity Diaphysis (shaft) Epiphysis Epiphysis plate/line Articular cartilage Periosteum and endosteum

Explain How Constructivist Theory Differs from Traditional Ideas About Teaching and Learning

Constructivist Theory is very similar to the traditionalistic ideas about teaching. The teachers roles that are similar admit specifying learning objectives, preparing learning activities, and designing assessments. The main difference between Constructivist Theory and the traditional roles of a teacher is a shift in emphasis apart from the teacher merely providing information and toward the teacher promoting the interaction that makes students thinking open and visible.The constructivist theory puts the opportunity for knowledge in the students hands much than in traditional ideas of teaching. The teacher acts as a guide for imaginative and exploratory thinking. I would use constructivism in my classroom. I give provide high quality representations. I will use examples that include each(prenominal) of the information necessary in order for the students to understand the topic. The first example that popped into my head was to bring in a cake for each group and to cut the cake into different portions to help with fractions in math.I will also connect content to the real world. I will try my best to relate the content I am teaching to the students. I know for myself, when I can relate to the content that is being taught, it is more interesting to me and I am more likely to do well in that specific content area. I will promote high levels of interaction. root work will definitely be present in my classroom. Something I learned from this section is that the Constructivist Theory can be used with all grades and with all ages.

Estonian Air †Final Essay

Estonian mien is a regional airline attack aircraft carrier headquartered in Estonia in the Baltic region of Europe. The airlines hub of operations is located in Estonias capital city of capital of Estonia at Tallinn ambienceport. This airport is the largest in the country. With the state g everyplacenment of Estonia owning a large equity percentage of the airline, Estonian Air is the national airline of the Country of Estonia. The Company currently ope swans a fleet of four aircraft providing flights to sixteen destinations throughout Europe.Within the airline industry, Estonian Air is classified as a regional carrier. Regional carriers give birth historically pursued business strategies of specializing on on the spur of the moment-haul flights within a limited geographic region. Up until the early 2000s, regional carriers competitive advantages were based on their index to provide geographically concentrate 1d route services to smaller, underserved markets where larger air lines had limited exposure. These types of regional carriers were historically able to charge higher ticket prices and were able to revoke price competition.Over the past decade, competition within the European airline industry has increased dramatically. This increase is the direct result of 2 major factors. The first off contributing factor has been the deregulation of the airline industry due to the economic integration resulting from the formation of the European Union. The second factor is the emergence of a impertinently type of business strategy creation implemented by several(prenominal) airlines. These airlines are known as Low-Cost Carriers (LCCs). They focus on providing low-cost flights to their customers. This is accomplished, by (i) simplifying fleet designs (to reduce training and maintenance costs), (ii)providing unitary type of class seating and no other services (i.e. meals), (iii) providing direct point-to-point service, (iv) focusing on neater routes, and (v) employing non-union workers to ref engagement labor costs.The combination of deregulation and proliferation of LCCs, has directly come toed smaller regional carriers who now face greater competition. Although many of these regional airlines are smaller and do not watch the economies of scale to compete with the larger airline companies, many baffle adopted strategies of expanding their fleets and increasing the turning of routes they service.While competition has been steady increasing, the delivery and business of Estonian Air has experienced quality flexth over the past several old age. On the contrary, fuel prices have increased 32% over the past common chord years resulting in higher operating costs and decreasing overall profit. This was illustrated in 2006 when Estonian Air increased its overall number of operating flights and experienced a 12% increase in gross revenue. This resulted in escalating operating costs, most notably fuel costs, which triggered a net passage in 2006 of US$ 5 Million.With the uncertainty of the future day economy in mind, Estonian Air must make key decisions to ensure the confederation go away retain positive strategic direction and continue to experience financial growth. The Companys internal analysis indicates the market entrust continue to grow 10% 15% per year for the next several years.In attempts to take advantage of the predicted market increase, Estonian Air is in consideration of expanding its fleet and adding several destinations. This alteration would aid in getting ahead of competition, managing higher fuel costs, and creating economies of scale. While many of these decisions have yet to be answered, management has narrowed its selection of aircraft, if they proceed with expansion. The current options include the Boeing 737 Jet, the Bombardier Q400 Turboprop, and the Saab 340A.The Vice President of Operations, Rait Kalda and the Vice President ofFinance, Andrus Aljas, are currently preparing a w orking financial feign and a nub cost of ownership (TCO) analysis to break down the diverse options listed above. These examinations will be presented to the come on of Directors during their next meeting.Mr. Aljas has informed Mr. Kalda of the underlying chore that the Board of Directors is carve up on the growth projections for the airline. There are several members who believe the growth projections in the internal analysis are too high and that there may be certain economic headwinds nearby. If these projections are accurate, it would mean an overall economic recession. Expanding the fleet at the time of a major economic contraction could have decidedly negative consequences for Estonian Air. As such, this decision is of extreme point importance to the company and will quest elite deliberation. Scope of WorkART Consulting convocation has been retained by Estonian Air to serve up in the decision fashioning ferment related to the possibility of the companys fleet expan sion. Our main focus will be looking Mr. Aljas and Mr. Kalda in the formulation of decision-making assume, as well as providing recommendations on facilitating salubrious discussion leading to the adoption of an effective decision. Mr. Aljas support that due to different opinions amongst the Board members, the management team should strive to ensure that judgment errors, bias ideas, and negative assembly dynamics do not negatively affect Estonian Airs business leader to make the best decision possible. In addition, the exploitation uncertainty of twain internal and external variables should inhabit in the companys consideration. Because of the request by Estonian Airs management, we will briefly touch on TCO analysis, but originally focus on decision-making.Strategy & SWOT Analysis OverviewIn order to better facilitate discussion about the internal and external environment facing Estonian Air, we have provided a brief SWOT analysis. This model provides an overview of the c ompanys leverages, constraints, vulnerabilities, and problems.Estonian Airs key strategic goal, as stated in their annual report, is to ensure sustainable and profitable growth through target markets, customer satisfaction, fleet renewal, and employee development.-Estonian Air Annual ReportStrengths * Recent Years Positive Results * Meeting Industry Standards * Enviable on-time record * Backing of Estonia Government * Lower Borrowing Costs Weaknesses * Small Fleet * Increasing technical problems and O&M Costs leading to unscheduled downtime * Weakened Balance Sheet * No Economies of Scale Opportunities * Internal Analysis indicates 10-15% Growth * New Routes Threats * Economic downswing * Rising Fuel Costs * Exchange send Volatility * Growing CompetitionBased on the above analysis, it is fool why Estonian Air is ready to implement a growth strategy and invest in the development of its fleet. Given the opportunity to grow their market, challenged with their small fleet and increasi ng obstacle of sustaining the maintenance and technical issues of their older planes, it would seem obvious that fleet expansion would be a logical choice. Expanding the fleet would (i) hang O&M expense, (ii) decrease fuel costs (by obtaining more fuel-efficient planes), (iii) increase economies of scale, and lastly (iv) allow the company to expand its route offerings and compete more effectively against the companys growing competition. In order to quantify a course of action, Mr. Aljas and Mr. Kalda are formulating a Total Cost of Ownership Model, as well as a comminuted financial model to assist in deciding how best to proceed. With this said, we have identified several problem areas that should be addressed.Problem IdentificationThe following division outlines the identification of the core problems facing the managers of Estonian Air with regards to this strategic decision.Key Decision with High Risk & UncertaintyThe decision to expand the fleet or not to expand the fleet is extremely important. If the company expands and the growth projections are exaggerated, the result could have a seriously negative consequence on the companys balance sheet. However, postponing expansion could allow competitors a first mover advantage into particular markets and result in increasing opportunity costs to Estonian Air. Two types of decisions that managers face are programmed and nonprogrammed decisions. Programmed decisions are those that are routine and simple. These do not take much contemplation and can be resolved by implementing a new policy. Nonprogrammed decisions, however, are those that are new, complex, and are not routine. The decision facing Estonian Air is observed to be a nonprogrammed decision primarily because of the complexity of the financial modeling, the obligation of implementing a well thought out decision-making model. Because the decision involves uncertainty and prediction for future events, the decision will and should involve concourse i nput.Split Board Judgment Errors & BiasMr. Aljas stated to our consulting firm that the Board of Directors, and some members of management, believe that the internal growth projections are overstated. Because of the differences in opinions, we expect a lengthy and potentially heated discussion regarding the best course of action. The circumstances will lend themselves to creating opportunities for judgment errors, individual and group bias to inhibit Estonian Air from making the most effective decision possible. These types of judgment errors could include aspects of (i) groupthink, (ii) group polarization, (iii) anchoring, and (iv) escalation of commitment. Problem AnalysisExamining Nature of Decision ModelsThere are three types of decision models including (i) Rationality, (ii) move Rationality, and (iii) the Garbage Can Model. In the figure below, we show the spectrum of decisions extending from pure rationality on the left and the illogical Garbage Can model on the right. Rati onality, by definition, is used in situations where a step-by-step logical draw close is used to pick the best alternative. In these situations, we assume to knowor have at our disposal all necessary information to make an informed decision. On the other hand, we have the Garbage Can model, which states that decisions are random. In the middle, we find something closer to the type of decision facing Estonian Air, which is the adviseion that there are limits to how rational a decision-maker can be. This is known as Bounded Rationality. There are always instances where we are limited to having all the necessary information for the decision. In such cases, we often do not have the ability to understand the complexity of the problem completely. We are then forced to make a decision that is the most optimal. This is known as a decision that satisfices the problem at hand.Understanding the nature of bounded rationality will help Estonian Air understand the context of the decision they are forced with and assist in the formulation of the decision process.Creating the Decision Process Evaluating ResultsEstonian Air must quickly develop a decision and define a decease approach to addressing the problem. The following diagram outlines the basic steps in the decision processEstonian Air Decision ProcessIdentify ProblemDo we believe growth projections? Do we expand fleet or not?Establish ObjectiveThe objective is to make a strategic decision to maximise profit and gain market share. More specifically, we have been given a WACC hurdle rate of 11.5% to consider for investments. The fractiousy in this decision is the fact that the Board of Directors is split on the projections of economic growth.Gather DataWe will aid in constructing a financial model and TCO for confused options. The model should consist of two areas operating assumptions and macro-economic assumptions. We suggest in working with the operations crew to get credible operating assumptions. We in addi tion recommend constructing a model that is capable of inputting various growth rates so that the model can be stress tested for contingency purposes. The modelshould list options with each alternative case having an upside, midside, and downside scenario. appreciate AlternativesEvaluate alternatives and contingenciesDecide on SolutionMake appropriate decisionImplementImplementation of DecisionFeedbackEvaluate ResultsFollow upRevisit final decision after implementation to ensure company is following protocol. Adjust as needed.Based on the above process, we have constructed the following table masking the scenario case analysis in terms of excrete on capital.Upside Case20% Growth RateMidside Case10% Growth RateDownside Case-15% Growth Rate (Economic Recession)Estonian Air Case AnalysisAll decisions must meet the companys required WACC hurdle rate of 11.5%, regardless of case selection. In the upside illustration, scenarios 1 and 5 offer the highest return on capital. Both involve t he larger Boeing 737. In the midside case, the maximum return on capital is gained through scenario 5 which involves the combination of the Boeing 737 and the Bombardier Q400. The decision has a lower rate of return, but does have a lower volatility then scenario 1, which has the highest volatility ranking. Finally, in the event of an economic recession, all of the scenarios result in negative returns, but one solution, no fleet expansion at all, results in the less severe decline. If management believes that the economy will go into a recession, then scenario 4 will be the best course of action.Having developed the alternatives, it is clear that the key factors are the projections for growth. Because some of the Board members have opposing views on these internal growth projections, we anticipate that the decision selection portion of the process will include a lengthy and heated discussion. This could lend itself to unhealthy and unstructured decisions.Judgment Errors, Bias, and I ndividual and Group Decision Making We have constructed a model that is as effective as can be given what we know about the type of decision that we face. We have also identified that the main areas of controversy within the model and in the decision process.GroupthinkIrving Janis identified groupthink as a deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment. This concept describes the negative effects of group cohesion. When members of a group find pressured into making a significant decision, groupthink often presents itself. Key group members may have influence over other members opinions and behaviors towards the decision-making process. some other viability for groupthink to occur is when a group consists of like-minded individuals. The similarities within the group will offer little room for an assortment of solutions. Diversity is important in the decision-making process because the most favorable option may be underlying and unapparent. Groupthink als o occurs when members are forced to conclude a decision in a short time frame. This causes members to rush without seeking the most applicable possible number of alternatives. Pursuing exterior help for decision-making is another option to decrease groupthink. This may assist in decision-making because obtaining an outside members consolation may offer unbiased, helpful solutions.To prevent Estonian Air from falling into the defective concept of groupthink, we suggest that key decision-makers effectively listen and assess all options, while promoting synergy within the group before making a final decision. This may require mediators to be present when all alternatives are being evaluated. Another suggestion discussed in advertize detail later in the paper is to seek outside help. We suggest this because of the short time frame as well as the magnitude of the decision.Group PolarizationStudies show that groups tend to make more extreme decisions than individuals would for the same predicament. This concept, known as group polarization, emerges from two notions, the social comparison approach, and the persuasivearguments view. The social comparison approach describes the idea that members in the group grasp their data to be more accurate and relevant than other members of the group. However, during the meeting, members realize their ideas are not what they originally perceived. The second notion, persuasive arguments view, details extreme decisions being made due to members of the group supporting other members preliminary thoughts of the subject. If not detected early, both explanations may cause radical movements with the decision-making process.To prevent Estonian Air from getting trapped into group polarization, we recommend for decision-makers to individually submit their best possible solutions before collaborating as a team. This will hopefully deplete the pressures of making disastrously extreme decisions.Bias 1 AnchoringOften, when making a decision , groups or individuals will use what are known as heuristics. Heuristics are mental short cuts that help simplify complex decisions. One of the downsides to heuristics is that they can lead to judgment errors due to the bias and irrational logic. One of the heuristic traps that we perceive power affect Estonian Air is anchoring and adjustment. In this type of heuristic, initial information serves as an anchor, or starting point, to base future decisions. For example, with regards to Estonian Air, the past 3 years of growth and rising fuel prices may form the basis, or anchor, for which future predictions are based. Sometimes past performance is not necessarily indicative of future performance.Bias 2 Escalation of CommitmentIn addition to anchoring, another bias or judgment error that could occur escalation of commitment. This occurs when there is an increased commitment to a course of action despite knowledge of contrary information. In this case, if Estonian Air has begun the men tal preparation for fleet expansion and they firmly believe in their growth projections and continued positive outlook on the economy, there may be bias opinions to continue this course of action. We already know that the Board is refer about the growthprojections and possible economic contraction. If the managers are set on expansion, there may be a bias to continue despite admonition signs about the economy. Management RecommendationsIn order to ensure that the company makes the most effective decision and avoids judgment errors and groupthink, we recommend that Estonian Air utilize one of the following techniques with regards to their discussion and debate regarding future growth projections.Technique Definition Benefit Brainstorming Generate as many ideas as possible on a given subject Could lead to greater creativity with regards to solutions Promotes Creativity Nominal Group Technique Structured approach that focuses on generating alternatives and then choosing one Good for generating alternatives but decisions could still be influenced by groupthink or other judgment bias Delphi Technique Gathering judgments from experts Very applicable to, Estonia Seek outside 3rd Party experts on economics (i.e. investment banks, advisors, Economic development professionals) Devils Advocacy One person p commits the role of critic to different points of view Should help to prevent groupthink Dialectical Inquiry Debate between two opposing points As there are two sides to the question at hand this option could prove to be very helpfulIn reviewing these different options, we recommend a combination of two techniques from above. We would advice Estonian Air to use the Delphi Technique, but notably by seeking advice from a 3rd Party expert. We suggest that Estonia pay for the service to dissuade unnecessary promoting of decision outcomes that directly social welfare the person providing the advice. An example of this would be an investment bank advising on fleet ex pansion and offering advice to Estonian Air at no cost. This would be considered subversion in efforts to allow the investment bank to underwrite the securities and make a commission on the sale of the securities on the primary or secondary markets. We would also advise the Board of Directors to meet with management to perform a dialectal inquiry that strongly presentsthe position of both sides. We feel this would be advantageous because both sides would bring alternatives to the table and argue their reasoning. With this meeting, we would advise for a mediator to be present in the event that group polarization would need to be diminished. We feel that the combination of these two techniques, will aid Estonian Air in reaching an effective and satisfying decision. ConclusionEstonian Air faces a difficult and important strategic decision with regards to expand their fleet or not expand their fleet. What makes the decision difficult is uncertainty. We have identified the major variabl e in this decision as the validity of the internal growth projections, which are based off of assumptions regarding the overall health of the economy. We have formulated a systematic approach to the decision making process and have assisted the company in developing a detailed financial model to assist in this decision. We have recommended that Estonian Air focus on the issue of growth and have advised the management team and Board of Directors to engage in a healthy debate in order to reach an accurate decision. While doing this, we have identified that there may be several potential judgment errors and influencing bias, which might prevent Estonian Air from making the optimal decision. We believe that the use of one or more of the techniques outlined above could help to eliminate the fortune of making a strategic error. Post Case Study Update on Estonian AirFollowing 2007, a major economic derive both the United States and Europe. Estonian Air had decided on a fleet expansion, a s well as the addition of several new routes. The effects of the economic recession caused a massive drop in passengers and resulted in the insolvency of the airline. In 2010, the airline received a bailout from the Estonian government. The bailout effectively nationalized the airline further and wiped out nearly all of the private equity in the deal. In addition, a severe austerity plan was implemented that decreased the wages of pilots by over 30%. In the interim, Mr. Aljus became President of the airline around this time. Mr. Aljus resigned from his position in 2011. In 2012, the company experienced massive financial losses and had to lay off nearly half its staff. Through today, the economic troubles of the airline have continued. In March of2013, another bailout was announced, along with the European Commission looking into prior bailouts as being illegal. The fleet was reduced from 13 to 10 aircrafts and is expected to decrease to 5 by 2015.

The Health Danger of Energy Drinks

Energy drinks are a kind of refreshments that are advertised as soft drinks that boost might. The truth is these kinds of drinks are full of many harmful ingredients, such(prenominal) as sugar, stimulants, and early(a) herbal supplements. Energy drinks are targeting high nurture and college students who may use this kind of drink to keep them awake for a midterm, or even give them a hallucination feeling any other boozer beverages will do. Many studies showed the disadvantageous of these drinks, yet this industry has wildfire between underage kids who used it to show their rebellious side through a harmless and cheap way.A new study shows that 34% of youth between the ages of eighteen years old and twenty- four years old consume nada drinks regularly (Casiano, 2011), this large number of consumption should raise the question whether the united state should ban selling Energy drinks to underage kids, and treat it like alcoholic beverages? Youth are having a hard time keeping up with all of the school activities, volunteering, schoolwork, and maybe jobs those citizenry usually relay and learn pitiful habits that will achievement their health in many years to come.Energy drinks can cause many health problems such as overdose, toxication, heart problems, railway line pressure, liver problems, and teeth decaying. Joelving (2011)explains how a recent study in New Zealands show that the excessive amount of caffeine that is found in energy drinks can cause fast heart rate, insomnia, and anxiety the study also shows that just one energy drink is enough to make most kids knowledge some side effect, including mild ones like irritability or upset stomach.And there are other ingredients with effects of their own, such as the amino sulfurous taurine, the herbal extracts yohimbine, guarana and ginseng, and often loads of sugar. There are many types of energy drinks that are accessed easily in markets and gas mails. One of the most common types is inflamed Bull, in the website of this energy drink it is written that it will increase concentration and reaction speed, and improve vigilance and emotional status.These manufactures will grab young people attention who are in need to increase and improve their concentration, reaction speed, and emotional state but they fail to acknowledge the side effect of their products, such as being very tired after several hours of sugar rush. An over dosage of Red Bull cause a cardinal years old man to have a heart attack (Richards), this incidents is one of many that prove to us that this dangerous products should be banned from first-rate markets and other easily ccessed places for younger generation. Many Young adults choose to be rebellious to prove their social status many young adults are intermixture energy drinks with alcohol. Mixing a depressor like alcohol with a stimulant like caffeine cause the human body to forget the effect of alcohol, and make the youth drink more alcohol to feel the buzz feeling leading them to consume more alcohol than their usual body set up.In 2010, nine college students were hospitalized after drinking alcoholic energy drink called four loko (Hogan, 2010). Four loko can be found in any gas station for about three dollars,it is commonly called blackout in a can , it can raise your alcoholic blood level to . 3 the legal limit for blood alcohol level is . 08. One can of four loko contain as much alcohol as a six pack of beer trussed with several shots of espresso.Casiano, R., & Contributor, C. (2011, February 17). Queens chronicle Study finds energy drinks bad for youth. TownNews.com . Retrieved February 17, 2011, from http//www.zwire.com/site/ intelligence activity.cfm?newsid=20456245&BRD=2731Joelving, F. (2011, February 14). As sales soar, experts warn about energy drinks Yahoo News. The top news headlines on current events from Yahoo News. Retrieved February 17, 2011, from http//news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20110214/us_nm/us_energy_drinks_1Richards , C. (n.d.). Red bull overdose stops mans heart . Caffeine Products. Retrieved February 18, 2011, from http//caffeineproducts.com/caffeine-news/red-bull-overdose-stops-mans-heart-3/2008/08/23/Hogan, R. (2010, October 26). 9 Students Hospitalized After Drinking Four Loko Alcoholic Energy Drink Popular Fidelity Unusual Stuff. Popular Fidelity. Retrieved February 18, 2011, from http//www.popfi.com/2010/10/26/9-students-hospitalized-after-drinking-four-loko-alcoholic-energy-drink/

Obscene Gestures

Every culture has begrimed gestures in America the middle hitch is one of the close obscene. The middle finger was most likely derived from Ancient Greece, the finger is one of the most widespread obscene gestures throughout the Western world. In a handful of Mediterranean and Arab countries the index finger is preferred to the middle, but the pisseding remains crystal clear. There are tons of different stories for the origin of the finger discharge back as far as 2,500 years.Some make mention to Greek tr eondies, ph aloneic representation, perverse Roman emperors, English long bowmen, and annoyed indifferent(p) people but, we just dont know the actual origin. Nonetheless, the middle finger is probably the most universally-understood hand gesture in the world. This is owed mostly to its age and the sheer simplicity of the gesture. Every country has their own set of obscene gesture unique to their culture. A simple thumbs up is not a cracking idea in the Middle East, Russia, Gre ece, Sardinia, Western Africa, and Latin Ameri bath countries.Even though this means good job or ok in western sandwich cultures in these places it refers to sit on my erect penis. In southern Sardinia, where the gesture is particularly obscene, dont try hitchhiking The common ok sign seen all over the U. S. is never ok in Brazil, Germany, and some areas around the Mediterranean. This is because this o represents an anus, which means you are calling the recipient an asshole. The Palm-Back V surprisingly does not mean peace in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Italy. Instead of peace this gesture symbolizes up your ass or fuck off. George Bush, Sr. famously gave the sign to Australians in 1992, intellection he was giving the peace sign. The Forearm Jerk, slap a hand down on the opposite bicep and then raise that arm into a fist, is obscene in France, southern Europe, the Mideast, and the U. S. This is expressing Fuck off or Up yours In France it is called the bras dhonneur or a rm of honor. The Corona which looks like the popular Rock n blow or Hook em, Horns sign is not perceived as that in Spain, Portugal, the Baltics, Brazil, and Colombia.In these countries this simply means Your wife is a whore. Another gesture, this epoch aimed towards your mom, is the Concha a very bad idea in Chile. First, hold up a palm towards you and slightly curl the fingers to form the shape of a shell. Second, submit Concha de tu madre. Figuratively meaning, Your mamas dried up, nasty cooch. Third, run as fast as you can. France is a lovely place until your taxi cab driver takes his middle finger and thrusts it up into his curled up fist of his other hand. Basically saying You take it up the ass. France likes large gestures but Pakistanis are very simple. A private raised closed fist in Pakistan means that you take an erect penis up into your rectum. The Philippines are also very simplistic. In America we skill signal someone to come here by curling an index finger towa rd ourselves repeatedly. Dont do that in the Philippines, where its a gesture fit only for dogs and can get you arrested. Over in Japan they have the Animal. This is because Japanese dont like Koreans so they call them animals by extending four fingers of one hand in some other persons face.I thought it was really interesting how each gesture was linked to a sexual organ or sexual act. Obscene gestures are a part of society no one really thinks about but I realized how much it relates to that cultures way of thinking. Also, how one society can be ok with something and another will cringe like the ok symbol. The moral of the story is if your traveling google that country and read a bit because you dont want to ruin your vacation because your feeling a little punk rock.

Light Emitting Diode

LIGHT EMITTING DIODES Light Emitting Diodes are electronic components that use the flow of electrons to reorganise materials into emitting photons of clear. A diode is a basic electronic component that allows electricity to flow one focusing only. The discovery of light emitting diodes we believe was an accident sometime around 1907 when a diode in an primeval radio transmitter was noticed to glow when in use. Incandescent bulbs use resistance in a filament to impede the flow of electricity, heating up to a degree which emits light.It takes high gear amounts of energy to do this and the filament burns out in time and high levels of wasted energy are utilisen(p) off in the form of heat. Quite a green product from a manufacturing and chemical/ recyclable point of view. CFL energy savers, fluorescent tubes and many another(prenominal) conventional lamps use higher frequency alternate sure to excite harmful chemicals to emit light. One 5 foot 1,5meter tube contains enough qu icksilver to contaminate a swimming pool. Billions fuddle been dumped into waste disposal. Heavy metal poisons have a additive effect.In the long term these cannot be a fix for the energy crisis we face today. They are poisoning our public and also us directly through the food chain and locally with emission of harmful UV. So Energy savers are in the writers opinion very dangerous and should be banned. Aquifers for congresswoman may briefly be or may already have been rendered unusable. Cape Town for example has water shortages in summer, but our municipal uncontrolled dumps are sitting on top of these aquifers. With poison creation cumulative up the food chain, we worry about the safety of this water.A lot of our vegetables are grown in this area, using this aquifer water. Has this water or these vegetables been tested? guide luminosity uses less energy than well-nigh other lighting sources, with current commercially available product generation producing 90 or more lumens per westward and doing so with a good power factor. Initial start up current is not high so production capacity of electricity can be reduced. Led lighting can give the illusion of natural light and thus the lit area may not be so obvious as with the predominantly yellow wash from other technologies.However, this warm effect can be created with the appropriate (warm) colour scale choice of LED. (Kelvin scale) LED lamps can be made to any detail colour from infra-red to ultra violet for specific requirement. For example, the pure white, 5000-6000K or daylight white 6000-7000k (slightly blue to disembodied spirit at) go forth greatly enhance viewing of detail, help old tired eyes with reading and greatly improves CCTV camera image quality. The limited white light band emitted by LED luminaries with very circumstantial long wavelength red light content, does not reflect off glass for example so that CCTV cameras give view in spite of appearance of vehicles for example.Visual qu ality control of food products and manufactured goods is enhanced. Finishing lines for the automotive intentness ordaining clearly show up any blemishes for example. LED useful life span is longer than near other forms of lighting. Actually LED lifespan is governed more by the mains power supply conversion components that depend upon them. The LED component should be good for 50 000 hours with acceptable loss of output , however the lamp will be limited by the lifespan of the driver which is likely to be 20 to 30 000 hours. The driver converts your input mains Alternating Current to Direct Current.The led itself being a diode, runs on low DC voltage. I prefer constant voltage power supplies to drive LEDs as opposed to constant current drivers. Constant current drivers are a little more energy effective but we have found in practice that they cause the LED to run too hot for our liking and in some circumstances dont turn the current fast enough and pop the led. Constant voltag e switch mode power supplies have a wide input voltage tolerance, are very efficient and have internal short circuit, temperature and overload protection circuits with automatic recovery.Conventional low voltage down lights for example closelyly use copper wound transformers. Output voltage of transformers follow the input voltage. These type of transformers are around 50% efficient so it takes approx 75watts to run a 50watt lamp. This could be replaced by a 6watt LED lamp that would use 7watts taking the power supply in to account. Power factor would be improved. LEDs run passing cool relative to conventional lamps so can also save on air conditioning. A fluorescent or incandescent lamp in a fridge is effectively having a fire inside a fridge.High power LEDs do run hotter, but not nearly as hot as metal halide, fluorescent, HPS or incandescent. LED lamps are recyclable and contain no harmful toxins. In accession to this the manufacturing process of this produces less carbon emis sions than some other older type of lamps. No hazardous mettle disposal procedure required. They will have relatively high recycle value and can extend to Restriction of Hazardous Substances certification. The light output is colour specific, which does not degrade over time. Unlike most other light sources, they emit very low levels of harmful UV and infra-red rays.For food processing areas, our lamps, if broken, will not contaminate the area and can be made with PVC or poly carbonate covers so no broken glass issues either. (food production plants) LED is available in many guises, so most of your old fittings can be retrofitted with LED to minimize cost and waste. (tubes, bulkheads, downlights etc) LED lighting is directional, so light pollution in to neighbouring areas can be contained. This also allows for much lower power for example in the case of reading lamps. (task lighting).Less confusion blinding night creatures, less attraction and little or no killing of insects. The Earth Power team appeals to you to support the growing LED lighting industry which is circulate to all, unlike the conventional lighting industry which is dominated by wealthy giant corporations who all helped in getting us in to this trouble in the first place. We have been working with LED engine room specifically for 4 years now and have identified many top quality reliable products and technologies. These products exceed our expectations and do more than just the job in hand.This technology has leaped in the last few years and continues to move forward. Our dedicated team consists of the founder with 35years owned business experience in the electronics industry an experienced QS , our marketing relationship manageress with a legal degree and our in-training technicians and support staff. EarthPower has quickly become a strong well know brand. We may not be the first to offer LED lighting in South Africa, but we are one of the pioneers and with 4 years dedication, one of the m ost experienced. Remember, we are all the incumbent custodians of our planet.

Allusion Report- the Burning Bush

Allusion Report The allusion of the electrocution Bush is just as it sounds it is a burning bush that continues to burn and is never engulfed by its flames. The combustion Bush was first introduced in the Book of Exodus in the Bible. Moses was grazing in the pastures just give care any other day when he noticed something burning in the distance. He found it to be an ordinary desert bush, but the fire was far from ordinary. The fire consuming the bush was deity presenting himself to Moses.When God spoke to Moses, he told him to unite his fellows (Israelites) and leave the land of oppression, Egypt. The allusion of the longing Bush has been used in the novel, The Grapes of Wrath, leash different times. One cat takes and shoves ten families out. Cats all over hell now. bourgeon in and shove the croppers out. (Chapter 2, page 13) Here, the truck driver is telling Tom how tractors are driving slew out of the land. This alludes to the fire Bush as being the harassment which famili es are fleeing from. Reverend Jim Casy- was a Burning Busher. (Chapter 4, page 27) Casy is referred to as the burning busher because he motivates and inspires others around him. Wed keep together on the street an itd be good for everbody. (Chapter 13, page 202) In the Book of Exodus, God tells Moses to unite with his brother so that they will have a change of survival. Here, Tom is telling others that neither family would survive if they travelled alone, but if they travel together they will have a greater chance at surviving.The Burning Bush represents numerous symbols to Jews and Christians, such as Gods energy, sacred light, illumination, as well as the burning heart of purity, love and clarity. It is argued by many skeptical scholars that Moses was under the influence of a psychotropic when he says to have encountered the Burning Bush. Many entheogens have been found in south Israel and were used regularly for religious purposes by the Israelites. Works Cited Burning Bush New World Encyclopedia. InfoMain page New World Encyclopedia.Web. 03 Oct. 2011. . Ben, Jesse, and Phil. The Burning Bush. Allusions of Exodus in Steinbecks Grapes of Wrath. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. http//reufus59. tripod. com/id5. html. Deffinbaugh, Bob. The Burning Bush (Exodus 31-15) Bible. org Worlds Largest Bible Study Site. Free NET Bible and Thousands of Bible Studies Bible. org Worlds Largest Bible Study Site. Web. 03 Oct. 2011. http//bible. org/seriespage/burning-bush-exodus-31-15.

Child and young persons development

see the kinds Of influences that affect CYPs progressment Criteria Describe with examples the kinds of influences that affect CYPs phylogenesis including d) background e) health f) environment 3ackground The children Ill be functional With Will seminal fluid from a wide range Of backgrounds that depart defy an impact on their schooling, much(prenominal) as family composition, goal and beliefs etc.If a child iS from a different culture or belief from roughly of the other children in the class, and so here may be certain rules in that belief that may stop them be involved in a play activity the other children may be taking firearm in. The child may get hold excluded and lonely their sensible development could be affected however as well as their accessible development could be affected. Health The children and young people come crosswise may defend a number of health issues or disabilities.If a child has a disability that restricts them participating n activities this may endure an effect not only primarily on their physical development plainly also their social development. To avod this, the child must be included as opera hat they can and for them to feel valued. Also Is a child is from a low income family they may not nave the rig diet and b exact and butter to help them to grow. This may also affect their physical development. Environment The main environments where a CYP develops Will be their school and root word. Both at home and atschool if a child is nurtured and given sequence then they will develop faster and to a higher level.At home whether the CYP is cared for by parents. grandparents or arers then they will be the first people that the child will develop a bond with. Activities much(prenominal) as read too, and with them and letting them know that their opinion matters will help develop positive growth. A child that is sit down in front of a computer playing games may not develop and learn attain skills as quickly as a child that has lots of interaction with parents/carers, The contact area of the home and school can also have an effect. Their development will grow if at that place are libraries. arks, union centres for Sport and other activities. There they will interact With peer and adults developing a range Of skills. criteria suck up with examples the importance of recognising and responding to concerns about children and young peoples development. Recognising an Issue with a CYPs development Is Important and responding to either concerns is vital If during acidulate In a school I have a concern about a pupils development I would first raise It with the class teacher. I may be asked to evince my concerns In-case actions are needful to be taken later.I would need to be sensitive to both the childs and their parents teelngs and even It others have already elevated an issue I should still intorm scrTleone senior in the school. An example that may tind of a childs development macroc osm compromised could be a pupil that is new to a school that struggles with English as they may have recently moved to the 13K. This could have an effect on not only their expert development through not being able to complete the work done in class, but also their social development. If the pupil has troubleChild and young persons developmentUnderstand the kinds Of influences that affect CYPs development Criteria Describe with examples the kinds of influences that affect CYPs development including d) background e) health f) environment 3ackground The children Ill be working With Will come from a wide range Of backgrounds that will have an impact on their development, such as family composition, culture and beliefs etc.If a child iS from a different culture or belief from most of the other children in the class, then here may be certain rules in that belief that may stop them being involved in a play activity the other children may be taking part in. The child may feel excluded an d lonely their physical development could be affected but also their social development could be affected. Health The children and young people come across may have a number of health issues or disabilities.If a child has a disability that restricts them participating n activities this may have an effect not only primarily on their physical development but also their social development. To avod this, the child must be included as best they can and for them to feel valued. Also Is a child is from a low income family they may not nave the correct diet and nutrition to help them to grow. This may also affect their physical development. Environment The main environments where a CYP develops Will be their school and home. Both at home and atschool if a child is nurtured and given time then they will develop faster and to a higher level.At home whether the CYP is cared for by parents. grandparents or arers then they will be the first people that the child will develop a bond with. Activit ies such as read too, and with them and letting them know that their opinion matters will help develop positive growth. A child that is sat in front of a computer playing games may not develop and learn key skills as quickly as a child that has lots of interaction with parents/carers, The surrounding area of the home and school can also have an effect. Their development will grow if there are libraries. arks, community centres for Sport and other activities. There they will interact With peer and adults developing a range Of skills. criteria describe with examples the importance of recognising and responding to concerns about children and young peoples development. Recognising an Issue with a CYPs development Is Important and responding to any concerns is vital If during work In a school I have a concern about a pupils development I would first raise It with the class teacher. I may be asked to record my concerns In-case actions are needed to be taken later.I would need to be sensit ive to both the childs and their parents teelngs and even It others have already raised an issue I should still intorm scrTleone senior in the school. An example that may tind of a childs development being compromised could be a pupil that is new to a school that struggles with English as they may have recently moved to the 13K. This could have an effect on not only their intellectual development through not being able to complete the work done in class, but also their social development. If the pupil has trouble

Natural Language Essay

Natural language and Standard English can differ largely for obvious reasons. I grew up in a small t knowledge with a population of skilful 2,000 people. Most of the members of this small community were farmers and/or small business owners. For the most founder, not many residents of this town have college degrees or an education past a high school diploma. Many would consider this part of the country rednecks. Though not necessarily from the south, we be Midwesterners and though Kansas City is close, my hometown is about an hour northeast. I grew up in more of rural/suburban community, much different than Kansas City which has become a very urban environment. I have had a lot of people have say I have a twang to my accent. I dont necessarily hear it in my own voice, but when I visit home, I do recognize it in others, primarily when walking through with(predicate) the local grocery store or at the filling station.Through education and being headspring traveled (I was a flight attendant for 4 years), I think I have changed the style I talk. This past holiday, I went back and visited my home town. I did notice a lot of untoward grammar being used and letters left off of the ending of words. It became somewhat irritating to me to hear my relatives and ageing friends talk so unintelligently. Hearing my sister say, I aint got no wrappin paper or my mom tell my dad shes got to go to the Wal-Marts to get some things really just do my skin crawl.Im sure that at some point in time, I likely, rung the same and thought nothing about it and I do have to admit that there are times I have caught myself inserting the work like 20 times more than needed. Those are the artless examples of natural language I have since learned and have changed my manner of speaking due to my smart everyday environment. Standard English is far different from this it cant be learned by simply being around other people, but instead it must be taught exclusively. Words, phrases, and th e way humankind speak to one another initiates through our first caregivers and the people we are raised around.

Consumer Behavior Sample Exam (Master)

1. The assist of the exposure, attention, and tryation of sensations is know as which of the future(a)? a. recognition b. seeing c. thinking d. sensing e. interpretation user Responses a 2. An online shopping live on in which you can try on clothes is an example of which of the hobby? a. 4D public b. differential humankind c. modern reality d. augmented reality e. digitized reality exploiter Responses d. 3. Which of the quest suasions is most closely conjugated to the limbic system? a. taste b. touch c. smell d. levelheaded e. sight User Responses c 4. selling put acrosss that adopt a clearly defined stimulus as the focal point make apply of which of the spare-time activity precepts? a. principle of interpretational bias b. schema principle c. closure principle d. figure-ground principle e. principle of proportion User Responses d. figure-ground principle 5. Bertie Botts Every Flavor Beans be an example of which of the side by side(p)? a. fictional reality b. ware government c. augmented reality d. product aligning e. hyperreality User Responses e. 6. Which of the pursuit best exemplifies a difference between absolute threshold and differential threshold? a. Absolute thresholds are defined by the j. n. d. , whereas differential thresholds are scientifically measured. b. Absolute thresholds are the same between all people, whereas differential thresholds vary depending on the person. c. Differential thresholds do not rely on relative difference, which is a key comp unrivalednt of absolute thresholds. d. Differential thresholds constantly change, whereas absolute thresh olds remain the same. e. Differential thresholds apply to the difference between twain stimuli, whereas absolute thresholds apply to only one. User Responses e 7. In large portions of the developing world, refrigeration is a luxury. Because of this, ice cream and cold Coca- smoke are viewed as status symbols. In creating an advertising drift for a new ice cream, advertisers may wish to draw on the strong feelings associated with cold products by utilizing which of the following? a. evaluation b. stunning perception c. hedonic consumption d. sensory inputs e. attention User Responses c 8. Which of the following is a parity between the emotional impact and the fig of a product? a. both are key elements of the merchandising strategies of Proctor and Gamble. b. Both spend a penny an increasing impact on consumers buying decisions. c. Both are less impor tant than price and product quality. d. Both matter only when selling items that are household staples. e. Both are shown to be more important for older consumers. User Responses b 9. You bill of fare a giant new billboard when driving to work one day. It has been cut fall out in the signifier of the car it is advertising, and its bright red color continually catches your attention, as you look at it out of the corner of your eye as you drive. The marketing team behind this ad was likely trying to constrain which of the following? a. discrimination b. contrast c. adaptation d. relevance e. exposure User Responses b 10. You grew up inebriation ginger ale only when you were sick. Now, you associate ginger ale with being sick exclusively well-taken care of. This is an example of which of the following? a. belief b. gestalt c. memory d. sublimination e. schema User Responses e 11. Which of the following most likely does NOT see a key factor in regularitys ability to secure a major contract with Target over more traditional brands, such as Proctor and Gamble? a. a move away from traditional, staid forms of marketing b. an increased emphasis on emotional impact and ramp c. the appeal of a tried and true, high-quality product d. the use of a unique, aesthetically pleasing design e. a realization that consumers want unusual, exotic products User Responses c 12. As technologies improve, which of the following marketing techniques do you attend to see expand in use? a. psychophysics b. trade place c. hedonic marketing d. imperceptible pass on e. augmented reality User Responses e 13. As debate rages over whether there are some(prenomina l) places that should inherently be off limits to advertisements, which of the following might present an additional argument from a marketing perspective towards keeping some spaces sacred? a. Advertisements may have a negative impact on brain function and young childrens ability to focus. b. Hedonic consumption can extend to place and time, so marketers may one day be able to market the absence of ads. c. Maintaining natural knockout and untouched places is critical so that these images can be used for marketing campaigns. d. Consumers have only special(a) attentions, so offering them certain breaks will make them more likely to pay attention to ads in other places. e. It is important for advertisers to stay on the good side of consumers otherwise, marketing would cease to be effective. User Responses d. 14. As the economy begins to recover after the global banking crises of 2009 and 2010, which might you expe ct to see? a. increased software sizes b. less frivolous product placement c. higher differential thresholds d. more sensory marketing e. wagerer advertising campaigns User Responses a. 15. Considering what you know about sensory marketing, which of the following would most likely NOT have contributed to the success of Apples iPhone? a. subliminal messaging b. emotional impact c. use of the haptic sense d. an aesthetically appealing design e. a natural user interface User Responses a 16. You have been tasked with designing a marketing campaign for a new flavor of ice cream. Outline your campaign in detail, describing how you will not only appeal to hedonic consumption, but also ensure that your message will be heard by consumers. 1. Which of the following is NOT an example of a sensation? a. thought b. texture c. light d. sound e. odor User Responses a. thought 2. The process by which people select, organize, and interpret sensations is know as which of the following? a. attention b. exposure c. perception d. information processing e. interpretation User Responses c 3. Which of the following companies capitalized on consumer desire for pleasing product design? a. Clorox b. Walmart c. Proctor and Gamble d. Coca-Cola e. Method User Responses e 4. Brain scans of consumers have shown that respondents show the fastest reaction times to which of the following? a. aesthetically pleasing packaging b. well-known brands c. unique products d. low pricing e. luxury goods User Responses a 5. Which of the following best describes the haptic sense? a. sound b. sight c. sight d. touch e. smell User Responses d 6. Marketing strategies where companies use the impact of sensations to attract consumers are known as which of the following? a. subliminal marketing b. flash marketing c. competitive marketing d. over marketing e. sensory marketing User Responses e 7. The science of how the physical environment is integrated into our personal, subjective world is referred to as which of the following? a. biology b. neuroscience c. psychophysics d. sensology e. perceptional psychology User Responses c 8. Combining a physical layer with a digital layer is known as which of the following? a. augmented reality b. four dimensional reality c. digitized reality d. differential reality e. web-based reality User Responses a. augmented reality 9. All of the following are factors that determine which stimuli consumers process leave off which? a. perceptual defense b. perceptual vigilance c. be d. attention e. adaptation User Responses d 10. midget figures inserted into magazine advertising via high-speed photography or airbrushing are forms of which of the following? a. sensory overload b. subliminal messaging c. attention d. sufficient media e. perceptual filters User Responses b. subliminal messaging 11. Which of the following is the process of assigning meaning to sensory stimuli? a. imprinting b. interpretation c. relevance d. priming e. expectation User Responses b. 12. Which of the following principles states that one part of a stimulus will dominate while other parts recede? a. principle of interpretational bias b. figure-ground principle c. closure principle d. principle of similarity e. schema principle User Responses b. 13. The process of making real what is initially simulation is referred to as which of the following? a. price leadership b. subliminal perception c. reverse product placement d. hyperreality e. perceptual positioning User Responses d. 14. Which of the following is one of the three prefatory components of a marketing message? a. size b. sign c. shape d. index e. color User Responses b. 1. Which of the following is one of the 3 basic components of a marketing message? Size/sign or object/shape/index/color 2. Which of the following is not a sensory reception? Eyes/ wreathe/ears/brain/mouth 3. The immediate response of our sensory receptors to basic stimuli is known as which of the following? intuition/sensation/attention/exposure/information processing 4. Target used consumer appreciation for great design to make all of the following designers household name EXCEPT which of the following?Philippe starch/karim Rashid/todd Oldham/Isaac Mizrahi/Aradhna Krishna 5. All but which of the following are examples of companies that capitalized on consumer desire for pleasing product design? Method/Coca Cola/Gillette/Apple/Target 6. The Limbic system is a characteristic of which sense? Smell/sight/sound/sight/touch 7. A characteristic that sticks with a consumer, helping him or her to remember a product in a positive and unique way, is referred to as which of the following? Phoneme/ visual cue/trade dress/sensory signature/audio watermark . Which of the following fields examines how we pick up and integrate sensory information? Neurobiology/perception studies/sensory dynamic/phrenology/psychophysics 9. Which of the fo llowing is NOT an example of an augmented reality? A fashionista virtual room/a yellow line showing a first down in football/goggle goggles/iButterifly/ video games 10. The fact that consumers are more likely to be apprised of stimuli that relate to their current needs is known as? Perceptual defense/adaptation/attention/experience/perceptual vigilance 1. Embeds are forms of which of the following Augmented reality/subliminal messaging/perceptual filters/rich media/sensory overload 12. Which of the following principles states that consumers tend to group together objects that share physical characteristics Principle of similarity/closure principle/principle of Interpretational bias/figure-ground principle/schema principle 13. When certain stimuli evoke a set of benefits that we assign to the stimuli, it is referred to as which of the followingSchema/priming/expectation/imprinting/interpretation 14. Which of the following is a way that signs or symbols can connect to products Size/s ign/index/color/shape 15. Cases where fictional products that appear in shows become popular in the real world are known as Reverse product placement/subliminal perception/augmented reality/perceptual positioning/price leadership Which of the following principles states that people are likely to fill in the pieces in an half(prenominal) picture, often without realizing it? (1point) picpic picschema principle picpicpic picprinciple of interpretational bias pic picpicpic picclosure principle picpic picprinciple of similarity picpic picfigure-ground principle

Business Operations at BMW Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 2

Business Operations at BMW - Essay ExampleThis research will get down with the statement that every other accolade that is used to describe a successful company flowerpot be used to describe Bayerische Motoren Werke AG, commonly referred to as BMW AG or simply BMW. This is because since 1916 that the company was constituted as a car, motorcycle and vehicle engine manufacturer, the company has not looked back in terms of growth and expansion. Headquartered in Germany, BMW specializes in several divisions of production, including Mini, BMW Motorsport, BMW I, and BMW Motorrad. Interestingly, BMW is not the kind of company that can be state to be operating in a monopoly market where competition is relatively absent. This is because the company operates in the political machine industry where there continues to be tough and stiff opposition from several other successful carmakers. inwardly Germany where the company is parented and the larger global market, there is very stiff opposi tion that the company faces by the day. Even within Germany alone, BMW is regarded as one of the Germany Big 3 together with Audi and Mercedes Benz, all of which are tenanted best-selling of luxury automobiles across the globe. On the larger global market, other competitors can be place such as Toyota, Benz, and Kia. In such competitive environments, Film notes that the success of companies relies and depend largely on a critical understanding of their competing market, as well as the business operations dynamics that constitute within these markets. Knowing ones customers and the best strategic options that best corresponds with the needs of customers is also important in ensuring survival on the competitive global market.