Impact of Social Exclusion on Physical and Mental Health

Impact of hearty Exclusion on Physical and Mental HealthImpact of genial ejection to physical and mental wellness of Australian childrenDian Atiqah Binte Lokman O.Mahat1.0 IntroductionFor the purpose of this paper, the various physical and mental health impacts of societal projection will be discussed, with specific focus on the health of Australian children. The concept of kindly exclusion has become one of the widely recognised framework for understanding, measuring and addressing scantiness and disadvant durations in multidimensional level (Harding, McNamara, Daly and Tanton, 2009). favorable exclusion is one of the many social factors that contribute to the social determinant of health. Australian children are at risk of child social exclusion with the spatial differences in areas of high social exclusion risk that are common in Australias rural and regional balance, and in clusters of outer areas in most of Australias capital cities(Harding, McNamara, Daly and Tanton, 20 09). Physical and mental health implications resulting from social exclusion will be discussed in relation to social acceptance.2.0 companionable Exclusion as a Determinant of Health for Australian ChildrenAccording to the British Social Exclusion Unit, social exclusion is what can happen when volume or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime, poor health and family breakdown (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister,2004,p.2). People commit a fundamental need for positive and lasting relationships. With the evolution of history, human develops the trait of be that enables unmarrieds to gain acceptance and avoid rejection. As belongingness is a stub component of human functioning, social exclusion influences many cognitive, wound up, and behavioural outcomes and personality expression. (DeWall, Deckman, pool Bonser, 2011)Social exclusion in the school environment is increasingly cosmos recognised as a form of relational aggression or bullying, in which a child is exposed to harm through the manipulation of their social relationships and status (Edith Cowan University, 2009). There are many form of social exclusion such as experiences being deliberately excluded from a peer group, rumours spread around them, name calling and being purposefully embarrassed. Hence, social exclusion defies a lack of connectedness, participation, alienation or disenfranchisement from certain people within the society. base on a Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC) survey results, 1 in 6 children live in households experiencing social exclusion experiencing four or more of the nine indicators of no weeks holiday away from home each year, children did not participate in school activities and outings, no pastime or leisure activity for children, no medical treatment if needed, no access to a local doctor or hospital, no access to a bulk-billing doctor, does not have $500 in emergency savings, c ould not raise $2000 in a week in an emergency and lives in a out of work household (Saunders and Naidoo, 2008). Many range of studies done by the Commonwealth of Australia Senate Community Affairs Reference Committee in 2004 shows disadvantaged children in Australia and the impact of poverty on indicators including health education and health, and the social and economic implications of poverty (Harding, McNamara, Daly and Tanton, 2009).3.0 How Australian Children are affected through social exclusionChildren that experience disadvantages suffer from forbid do throughout their vitality course (Saunders, Naidoo and Griffiths, 2008). Those who are consistently teased or ostracized, or are always the last ones chosen for the team people who make fools of themselves in public presentations, or are ridiculed by superiors and individuals who are put down, criticized, or rejected by relationship partners or because they possess vitiated characteristics or social stigmas often experie nce social evaluative threat (SET), which occurs when the self could be negatively judged by others (Dickerson Kemeny, 2004). This leads to social put out- the emotional response to the percept that one is being excluded, rejected or devalued by a significant individual or group (MacDonald Leary, 2005) which produces specific physiological responses, including changes in the cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and repellent systems (Dickerson, 2008 Dickerson, Grunewald Kemeny, 2004)Racial, ethnic, and cultural minority students are at greater risk than others of encountering disadvantages in school (Kaspar, 2013). In Australia and New Zealand, 11-13% of Indigenous youth reported school-based victimisation in the Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey (WAACHS Zubrick et al. 2005), the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey (NATSISS Australian self-assurance of Statistics (ABS), 2010), and the Youth 2007 Survey (Clarke et al., 2009). School-based vic timization is contemporaneous with, and antecedent to negative peer group conditions, including peer rejection, fewer friendships, poor quality of friendships, and perceptions of peers as hostile, untrustworthy and ill-intentioned (Salmivalli Isaacs, 2005). Based on an Australian survey, Indigenous youth were more vulnerable to emotional health difficulties due to bullying than were non-Indigenous students bullied (Blair et al., 2005). These social evaluative events that induce social pain are capable of eliciting intense emotional and physiological responses as well.Accessibility to geographical and workforce supply also contributes to the variation of child health outcome. Inequalities in health arise because of inequalities in the conditions of daily life history under which we are born, develop into young children, grow into teenage years and adulthood, and live into old age (Chittleborough, Baum, Taylor Hiller, 2006 Marmot et al., 2010 WHO, 2008). High social exclusion risk are found in rural, regional areas and clusters in outer areas of Australias capital cities (Harding et al, 2009 Tanton et al., 2010). These reduces the opportunity for intervention and measure of long term issuings of social deprivation on health (WHO, 2008).4.0 Impacts of Social Exclusion on Physical and Mental Health for Australian ChildrenThe stress of belonging to a socially excluded group can have an adverse affect on mental health. Prolonged stress raises the bodys levels of cortisol and lowers immune system functioning. Chronic stress related to racism and discrimination have been linked to diabetes, cardiovascular and other diseases. Modern evidence indicates that a lack of social connectedness relates to poorer immune system functioning, poor peacefulness quality, increased total peripheral resistance and increase risk of death (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011).Research suggests that the physical, emotional and mental health of children exposed to social exclusion ca n be compromised. Children who have been socially excluded influences a variety of outcomes, including lower immune function, reduced sleep quality, reduced ability to calm oneself in times of distress, reduced self-esteem, feelings of anxiety, depression, aggression, self-regulation pro-social behaviour, attentional processes and attitude formation. In extreme events of social exclusion, it causes a period of temporary analgesia, standardized to how the body copes with severe physical injury which is both physical and emotional (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011).Social exclusion affect the mental health of an individual that leads to aggression, anti-social behaviour, lack of self-control , negative attitude and need of attention. Social exclusion increased aggressive behaviour and hostile perception of others ambiguous actions (DeWall, Twenge, et al., 2009 DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011). Rejected people usually behave aggressively towards large group of people that could lead to mass violence (Gaertner et al., 2008). However, the aggression drops when they experience a sensation of acceptance, social connection or regain a feeling of control with their surroundings (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011).Those experiencing social exclusion will also be slight willing to engage in pro-social action as they were not driven to behave prosocially without having a sense of belonging and acceptance from others. In a debate done by (Baumeister, DeWall,Ciarocco Twenge, 2005 DeWall, Baumeister, Vohs, 2008) investigate a link that exist between social exclusion and self- regulation. When people experience social exclusion, the implicit bargain is broken, signalling to the excluded individual that controlling his or her impulses will no longer reap the benefits of acceptance which impairs their self-regulation (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011). This could affect their performances when it is not linked with acceptance.Attitude plays a fundamental setti ng in psychological processes. It shapes responses to create agreement with others, further emphasising on the importance of social connection that could not be achieved through social exclusion. Social exclusion also affects patterns of basic, early-in-the-stream cognitive processes that are linked to the desire for renewed affiliation of attention that could act as a building block for more daedal social cognition and actions (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011).Repeated or persistent exposure to social exclusion can cause individuals to experience social pain more often for longer duration which leads to more frequent or prolonged activation of the psychological systems which could lead to negative consequences such as increase in cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and immunological parameters.(Dickerson, 2011). These physiological responses maybe an important factor for determining the mechanisms through which social pain could ultimately influence health and disease (Dickerson, 2 011).5.0 determinationIt is evident that childhood social exclusion can lead to ongoing intergenerational disadvantage and therefore it is important to identify the risk factors of such experiences and improve the pathways, opportunities and life chances of such children. Dynamic intervention of public policies and support from families are required to address the root causes of social exclusion in order to reverse the effects of social exclusion on the developmental, behavioural, and health outcomes in children.(1499 words)6.0 ReferencesBlair, E.M., Zubrick, S.R., Cox, A, H. (2005). The Western Australia Aboriginal child health survery fidnings to date on adolescents. Medical Journal of Australia, 183(8), 433-435Chittleborough, C. R., Baum, F. E., Taylor, A. W., Hiller, J. E. (2006). 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